Saturday, March 18, 2006

Essay: Symbolism and Meaning in Donne's "The Canonization"

Symbolism and Meaning in John Donne's “The Canonization”

Starting in the late 16th Century and lasting throughout the 17th Century, was a form of poetry that has come to be known as Metaphysical. Though not a poetic movement in the sense of having a manifesto (as did the Romantics), these poets explored similar themes such as love and religion, approaching them in a practical yet transcendent manner. One of the greatest of these Metaphysical Poets was John Donne (1572-1631). Writing in a time of political, social and religious upheaval, his poetry is largely concerned with the enigmatic relationship between a person’s sexuality and spirituality. This question is raised in his poem “The Canonization”, in which the social stigma surrounding an overt love affair is compared to the martyrdom of saints. Many poetic techniques, characteristic of Metaphysical poetry, are used to develop this theme, as love is established as an alternative religion to Orthodox Christianity and the societal conventions it propagates.

The structure of “The Canonization” is an example of a love Lyric, and operating within considerable structural constraints. The poem consists of 5 stanzas, each of 9 lines, with a Rhyme scheme of ABBACCCAA. This could be described as an alternative Quatrain followed by a tercet and a rhyming couplet, thereby highlighting the epigrammatical origins of Metaphysical poetry, however none of these sections are separated by voltars to make this analysis explicit. This strict format can be understood as showing social constraints within which the persona must operate, and to whom the persona’s love is held accountable. The metre of the lines varies within individual stanzas, alternating between iambic Pentameter, tetrameter, and trimeter, often changing Foot as well. These various meters are, however, to some extent consistent between stanzas. This is a reflection of the Metaphysical attempts at a more conversational Rhythm, so as to be more accessible in meaning. This strict structure also allows for distinct stages in the development in the persona’s argument, however jumbled these stages may be in comparison to convention. The first Stanza describes the viewpoint of society (however briefly) and passes judgement on that viewpoint. The second stanza presents the case of the persona’s argument. A decision is therefore already made before the reader has heard all cases, forcing them to accept the message of the text, and allowing the following stanzas to operate on that assumption of agreement. The structure has thereby played a major role in the persuasion of readers, and manipulation of their reader position.

The first impressions of the meaning of any poem are given by the poem’s title. The title “The Canonization” has direct religious connotations; however, Donne manipulates reader preconceptions in order to generate meaning. Readers may think of canonization in terms of idyllic saints, given devotion by the Roman Catholic Church in particular. Donne, though originally a Roman Catholic himself, wrote much polemic poetry against Catholicism (following his switch to Protestantism), and is therefore critical of this romanticised view of saints. Instead, he contrasts these reader preconceptions with the actual struggle and torture of martyrdom that created these saints. The poem deals with this later view of canonization. In this title, Donne gives readers a potentially false sense of prior understanding of the poem’s message, a sense which is used to create a Paradox between readers’ understanding and the text’s message, a paradox used throughout the poem to persuade readers into Donne’s point of view.
The first stanza deals with the reaction of society to the persona’s love. No explanation is given of the details of the love affair, nor if there are any particular moral questions of which society could be critical. Instead, the persona lists society’s General complaints against the obsession of love. The poem begins in true Metaphysical form with:
For Godsake hold your tongue, and let me love,

This has a sense of immediacy and converstionalism, with the reference to a listener’s “…tongue…” creating an awareness of prior words in the conversation. Metaphysical poets strove for this more realistic representation of language (realistic in comparison to their contemporary poet’s, though perhaps not compared to modern standards) in order to affect the poem’s accessibility and high level of reader engagement. Immediately the reader is addressed and given the proposition to “…let me (the speaker) love…”. The opening line also establishes the dialectic of God (the conventions of religion and social decorousness) in contrast to love (more specifically a love affair, with some sexual aspect). The tension between these two powers is discussed throughout the poem. This line is followed by a listing of reasons against the overt love of the persona. These are almost given in the manner of an inverted blazon, with the listing of physical defects of the persona (“…palsie…gout…gray haires…”). Though no link is explicitly made, such catalogues of the problems of age were common in carpe diem poems, extolling the need to ‘make love while we may’. Reader’s at the time of the poem’s composition would have recognised this and possibly anticipated that genre of poetry to follow. However, again Donne challenges the preconceptions of readers by refusing to conform. Reference is next made to the Elizabethan belief in fate/fortune, emphasised by the alliteration “…ruined fortune flout…”. The reasons for not loving are that the persona is too old and that it will ruin his fortunes for the future. It should be noted that no mention is made of the persona’s love interest. The love remains a singular activity until the end of the second stanza. In the second half of the first stanza, the persona dismisses the criticisms of society, addressing the critics and prescribing for them a course of action. The treasures of wealth, education, destiny and rank are given to society, if the persona is allowed to love in return. The search for these commodities was expanding dramatically at the time of Donne, especially with the exploration of the New World and the precarious position of the British monarchy; however, here they are regarded as worthless in comparison to love. The tone in discussing them verges on mockery, it certainly demeans the value given to them by the era. In return for love, society is also given leave to honour an ambiguous ‘him’, either the monarchy, the King, or perhaps Christ. This section may possibly have biblical connotations to the questioning of Christ over taxes paid to Caesar (Christ pointing to the face of Caesar on the coins as warranting that they are given as tax). However, again the story is inverted, as God and the social conventions supported by religion take the role of Caesar, in contrast to love playing the role of God. In this extended judgement of a society critical of love, Donne confronts any readership in sympathy with that opinion, either antagonising such readers or persuading them into a less resistant reading of the poem.

In contrast to conventions of Rhetoric, judgement is passed on those in disagreement with the persona in stanza one, before the persona defends his case in stanza two. This is carried out through successive rhetorical questions:
Alas, alas, who’s injur’d by my love?

What merchants ships have my sighs drown’d?
Implicit descriptions of the tortures intrinsic to love (as opposed to being imposed by society) are made with reference to “…sighs…teares…colds…heats…”. These are linked with successive natural disasters, which may also be seen as acts of God, such as floods and diseases. With this interpretation, Donne can be viewed as verging on apostasy, as he discretely criticises God by pointing out that love has no hand in causing the disasters for which God can be viewed as responsible. Whereas God causes ten plagues of Egypt in the Bible, and strikes many people dead:

When did the heats which my veines fill
Adde one man to the plaguie Bill?

Love is thereby established as an alternative religion to Orthodox understandings of Christianity. The reference to soldiers and lawyers, towards the stanza’s conclusion, is again symptomatic of Metaphysical poetry. The Metaphysical poets often compared metaphysical themes such as love to more practical aspects of life, such as law and war. Though here the legal and military aspects do not play an active role in the poem’s imagery, their inclusion challenges readers. Readers are encouraged to acknowledge the practical applications of the poem’s message, as well as provided with an illustration of the harmless nature of love (whereas conventional religion often attacks the offices of war and law as sinful). The stanza is really concerned with proving that love in no way hurts the operations of society, and that there is therefore no need for society to hurt the operations of love. In the final lines of the stanza, a second lover enters the poem, a voiceless female figure. Gender studies of “The Canonization” and Metaphysical poetry in general, would argue that this is representative of a depersonalised and objectified view of women, that they are merely objects of love, rather than being active participants in the love affair. This is supported by the fact that in leading up to the introduction of the female, the love is owned by the male. This is not only in the fact that he provides the discourse about love, but that it is often referred to as “…my love…” and he as the only lover that needs release from the taunts of society. When the lady does enter, it is not as an equal to the male persona, but either separated from him (“…she and I do love…”) or spoken for by him. Love is a male dominated issue, which is revealed through the gaps and silences of the poem.
The third stanza focuses on the essence of the love itself. Though the male voice retains command of the discourse, the female is joined to him as an “…us…”. Little regard is given in this stanza, to the criticisms of society. The real issue is now the saintly nature of love, with criticisms of love becoming a side-point. The persona declares:
Call us what you will, wee’are made such by love;

confirming that it is their censure within society that makes them martyrs, effecting their canonisation. The two figures become meaningless as themselves (“…mee another flye…”) as the poem’s focus shifts to an intense view of their love as an entity. The condensed conceit:
We’are Tapers too, and at our own cost die,
again reflects the lovers’ martyrdom to the religion of love. Conventional symbols of the “…Eagle and the Dove…” are used to describe the relationship within the love affair. The eagle, as a conventional image of male strength, and the dove, representing female gentleness, juxta posed together, reveal the inequality between the partners (evidence of the Patriarchal system contemporary to the poet). These two binary opposites brought together can also be viewed as part of the Neoplatonic understanding, that the entire world is present within the two lovers, all the opposing forces (represented by the eagle and dove) brought together within them. The mythological Phoenix is next alluded to, bringing with it the religious connotations of resurrection awaiting the lovers. However, these spiritual understandings are called into question by sexual images that follow:
By us, we two being one, are it,
So, to one neutrall thing both sexes fit.
Wee dye and rise the same,…

It is again almost blasphemous the combination of such copulative images with the religious connotations of resurrection (“…dye and rise…). The final line of the stanza refers to the love as “…Mysterious…”. This has further religious overtones, with the understanding that the term ‘sacrament’ is derived from the Latin for ‘mystery’. The sexual act is transformed into a Sacrament, celebrated by two saints, in worship of the religion of love. By now the poem is not concerned with whether society should censure the persona’s love, but is instead occupied with evangelising in the name of the religion of love. Readers are moved through this change in issue of the poem, and are thereby prevented from forming any resistance to the original premise of the poem.
The fourth stanza begins with the proposition that love is intrinsic to life:
Wee can dye by it, if not live by love,
followed by a reflection on the fate of the lovers once their martyrdom is effected, that is, after their deaths. It is not debated whether the lovers will be remembered (the fact that both persona and reader agree over the lovers’ status as “…legend(s)…” is assumed by the text), instead the issue is in what form that memory will be recorded. The Historical form of “…Chronicle…” is juxta posed with the beautiful “…sonnets…”, transformed by Metaphor into religious “…hymnes…”. In this way, the lovers’ sexual understanding is enshrined in both secular and religious memory, a union of the spiritual and sexual which has been the aim of the poem. This remembrance is alluded to as a creation of Heaven, as “…pretty roomes…” may refer to Christ’s ‘many rooms in my father’s house’. The second half of the stanza employs conceits to further expound on the fate of the lovers’ “…legend…”. The lovers are compared to “…The greatest ashes…” and the poem which immortalises them “…a well wrought urn…”. The form of “…Chronicle…” is compared to “…half-acre tombes…” which wouldn’t suit the encasement of ashes. The specific compact conceit of “…ashes…” for the lovers is particularly appropriate, considering that burning at the stake was a common form of martyrdom. The image thereby provides a link with the stanza’s concluding line and the title of the poem, “…Canoniz’d for Love…”. At this stage, the argument is proven that the lovers are saints, and readings of the text have been limited so that no other empathy can be felt for any other viewpoint besides that of the persona. This has been achieved by the systematic expulsion of other voices from the text, first the female and by now the opinion of society. Readers are not provided any opportunity to see the issues from another light; therefore, their position on the issues of the text has been manipulated in compliance with the views of the persona and subsequently Donne.

With an argument already resolved and a readership in total sympathy for the persona, the final stanza opens instructing readers to “…thus invoke us…” (an instruction emphasised by assonance or in-rhyme). It is confirmed that the lovers are canonized martyrs, worthy of devotion. Ironically, this devotion would come from conventional religious, the very society that martyred the lovers in the poem’s beginning. The fifth stanza relies heavily on the Neoplatonic understanding that quintessence of the world can be found wholly within the two lovers. They are “…one anothers hermitage…” a message ironic within the poem’s historical context of world exploration and deeper understanding of the heavens (with Galileo giving credibility to Copernican theories of the solar system). This philosophical understanding is then applied to the intermingling of sexual and spiritual love:
You, to whom love was peace (religious, conventional), that now is rage (passionate, sexual);
This quintessential love is further explored with the scientific conceit, comparing lovemaking to the experiment in alchemy, extracting essences in “…glasses…”. Again, the practical scientific analogy combined with the metaphysical theme of love, acts as a persuasive tool in the ensuring of reader sympathy. The final statement in the poem:
…Beg from above
A patterne of your love!
though an unsatisfying rhyming couplet (as in its use in Shakespeare’s Sonnets, it fails to summarise the thematic journey of the poem), does reveal the ultimate transformation of love. Love is not to be ridiculed, as in the poem’s opening; it is now a religion, martyrdom, a canonisation, and a grace to be evoked from above.

“The Canonization” by John Donne is a complex piece of rhetoric, which uses persuasive and poetic techniques to manipulate readers through different understandings of the place of love within society. Beginning with the condemnation of over love by society, the persona establishes an argument by which means love challenges conventional religion, before taking its place as religion, martyrdom, canonisation and grace. Different techniques are used to effect this transformation, including the metaphysical conceit, Irony, paradox, structure and sound devices. These are all performed within the metaphysical style, recognisable in its attempts at conversationalism, accessibility, refusal of convention, and witticisms. By creating this intricate forum of expression, John Donne has, to considerable extent, been able to link the enigmatic opposites of human sexuality and spirituality within the religion of love.

Source: Purwarno Hadinata



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Third, it is important to make sure that you have a good support system and work with someone with a great deal of expertise in fitness and nutrition. Working with a personal trainer (and not just any trainer, but a Certified Personal Trainer with credentials, experience and references) can make all the difference in whether or not you will be successful with weight loss.

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At 5:04 AM, Blogger james said...

Once the glucose runs out, fat takes over. Your body is a constant interconnected conveyor belt that removes essential nutrients from the fat and delivers them to specific body parts. Hormones that regulate our blood sugar levels activate an enzyme in fat tissue called lipase.


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At 5:32 AM, Blogger james said...

Now, maintaining a weight under this comfort zone requires constant work in the form of restricting calories and doing cardio. Getting fatter than this requires regular overeating, and if this continues for too long, the comfort zone creeps higher and higher.


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At 7:09 AM, Blogger james said...

Weight Loss Truth: What would a world without chocolate and without pepperoni pizza be like??? I think it would be a torturous world to live in!! lol, now on a real note I completely disagree with this myth. You are definitely able to eat your favorite foods. Depriving yourself

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At 5:53 AM, Blogger james said...

Calories can creep in from many places. Purposeless snacking, eating out at restaurants (they load calories into meals with butter, oil, sauces, etc.), overdoing it with condiments, and drinking alcohol are all common ways to add enough calories to stall your weight loss without making you feel like you're completely "off your diet."

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At 2:33 AM, Blogger Lettey jones said...

This root vegetable has been known because of its aphrodisiac qualities, which makes it one of the most popular male enhancement ingredients used in sexual health products. There were studies done to prove its sexual effects and findings indicate that Maca root has the ability to increase libido and to improve other aspects of men's sexual health. Other benefits include an increase in sperm count and quality and a greater volume of semen or ejaculate.

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At 12:45 AM, Blogger Super cut said...

This root vegetable has been known because of its aphrodisiac qualities, which makes it one of the most popular male enhancement ingredients used in sexual health products. There were studies done to prove its sexual effects and findings indicate that Maca root has the ability to

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At 3:22 AM, Blogger james said...

Will Brink is an author, columnist and expert in the supplement, fitness, bodybuilding, and weight loss industry and has been extensively published. Will graduated from Harvard University with a concentration in the natural sciences.


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At 1:20 AM, Blogger Darrin Lesch said...

Some men want to shoot larger ejaculations and they look for seminal volume increasers to do so. With a natural option available at hand, these men can realize their dreams without having to think about side effects. In most cases, the best male enhancers will double, triple,


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At 1:13 AM, Blogger james said...

snugly. Installation of this popular style of system needs a lot of re-wiring. If the outer edges of the monitor are too large or too small for a non-standard stereo slot then you may have to perform a custom resizing or remodelling of the dash to make sure the unit fits properly


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At 6:21 AM, Blogger james said...

feelings of doubts or worries about their manhood, especially when they come to a point in their life when they feel they need to prove something. Most men want to enhance their male organ for sexual purposes: to please their partner, get more women, etc. However, more serious problems involving the desire to have male enhancement treatment occurs


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At 4:52 AM, Blogger james said...

(3) Comparison of Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction-Reply. Michael Dansinger. JAMA. 2005;293:1590-1591.
(5) Byrne S, et al. Weight maintenance and relapse in obesity: a qualitative study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Aug;27(8):955-62.


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At 6:31 AM, Blogger james said...

These are going to be present in any well-developed weight loss program. Your success is dependent on what you are realistically willing and able to commit to with regard to each of these factors. Let's face it, purchasing a weight loss program does not guarantee success, you

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At 1:27 AM, Blogger Crestor said...

space. A person who weighs 200 lbs with 25% lean muscle will be smaller than another person of the same height and weight who only has 20% lean muscle. So in summary there are four main things to remember:


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At 6:21 AM, Blogger james said...

variety of male enhancement options there are equally diverse opinions on whether male enhancement is useful. Regardless of opinion it is indisputable that society is increasingly consuming products that enhance sexual experiences for men and women. It is important to


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At 6:53 AM, Blogger james said...

best gift she could ever want, but would have always been afraid to ask for. This is exactly what happened to me when I took that brave, embarrassing step. Male enhancement has made me more confident in all aspects of life and my larger size has made me my wife's hero and my nights much more exciting.


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At 4:29 AM, Blogger james said...

Physical Adaptation Our bodies adapt themselves to our calorie consumption and physical activity levels. When we begin an exercise regime, our body is required to make several changes to adjust to changing workloads. Our muscles have to rebuild themselves and this


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At 5:20 AM, Blogger USA Fitness Plan said...

Though there are many factors that can impact an individual patient's weight-loss success, weight-loss surgery is simply the most effective long-term weight loss and healthy lifestyle solution for severely obese patients.
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At 6:09 AM, Blogger james said...

male enhancement pills, and now we have identified which of them may possibly work effectively for you depending on ingredients and efficiency.
energy. It is also said that Tongkat ali lessens the chance of premature ejaculation, increases


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At 2:21 AM, Blogger Super cut said...

the Remotivation therapist. The Remotivation therapists accepts and appreciated what the client provides. It could be actively paticipating in the session or reaming silent through out the session. It is the gift of their presence that the Remotivation therapist acknowledges.

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At 3:56 AM, Blogger james said...

male enhancement products are extensively available in the market and they are quite capable of handling this type of sexual disorders. Men can take their help and cure themselves easily as per their requirement.


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At 5:58 AM, Blogger james said...

The Capitol Christmas Tree is erected every year on the West Front of the United States Capitol. It is selected from one of the National forests and is lit on December 9th at 5:00PM EST then extinguished on New Year's Day. 3,000 ornaments from U.S. school children adorn it.


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At 5:16 AM, Blogger james said...

away all excuses for a newly motivated weight loss participant and that's what it does. By providing exact diets and exercise instructions the Body Fat Meltdown program ensures success if a woman will simply follow it for ninety days. This is an example of a program that


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At 5:46 AM, Blogger james said...

most male enhancement product makers claim their ingredients have been extensively tested for your assurance and safety in mind and to be chemical free, steroid free and complies with all international safety standards, always check their product ingredients and labels before you purchase.


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At 5:11 AM, Blogger james said...

And how long will your personal training sessions be? 30 minute and 60 minute sessions are the norm in the personal training industry - but be sure to ask. Don't assume that a "session" is the same everywhere. A lot of inexpensive personal training programs that are more affordable consist of 30 minute sessions, which can be an adequate amount of time to get a quality workout, if you have a well qualified and experienced personal trainer.


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At 4:56 AM, Blogger james said...

Every year, the debate on whether real or artificial Christmas trees are better, comes up. The truth is that each has its own pros and cons. They both have characteristics that are very distinctive and according to a recent analysis, neither type of Christmas tree has a very


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At 3:56 AM, Blogger james said...

exercise on a regular basis, and I was able to lose the weight I wanted to, and I have been able to permanently keep it off. This was all accomplished without a lot of effort on my part. It just seemed to happen naturally.

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At 6:08 AM, Blogger james said...

The quantity of calories we blaze every day is reliant upon our basal metabolic rate (BMR), the quantity of calories we smolder every hour essentially by being alive and keeping up body capacities and our level of physical movement.

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At 5:08 AM, Blogger lara anderson said...

produces hormones associated with metabolism. This means that people who attempt to reduce are hungrier and suffer from higher appetite levels than they did before the loss. This lasts for at least one year after weight loss, making it far more difficult for someone who has

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At 5:21 AM, Blogger james said...

For your wellbeing, dependably counsel your specialist before making any noteworthy dietary, nourishing or way of life changes. The American Heart Association (AHA) for the most part suggests an eating regimen with under 30% fat.


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At 5:34 AM, Blogger james said...

patches must be applied at ease in the abdominal area or to the penis itself and the vitamins, natural herbs and other ingredients can work their way in stimulating the blood flow in the anatomy and enable the penis to increase in size.


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At 4:45 AM, Blogger james said...

All types of men are taking sex enhancers these days. Young men and older males, both suffer from a wide variety of sexual performance issues, most of which can be treated with male sex enhancement pills or other related products. These products used to be taboo to

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At 5:24 AM, Blogger james said...

from them: hence our need not to dismiss these male enhancement pills offhand.
ignore at the risk of being considered a 'wimp' - hence the need for male-enhancement pills for those of us who are not so well endowed down there.


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At 5:05 AM, Blogger Super cut said...

a good job you landed here because pain killers can offer much relief for dogs who are suffering and in a lot of pain. Surprisingly, dogs handle most minor pains fairly well and you will probably never know that they are even experiencing pain.


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At 5:08 AM, Blogger james said...

success in your healthy weight loss and quick weight loss journey is dependent upon you and you alone. Further information will be distributed to members of my free membership site listed below. You will gain access to fitness tuning nutrition, dieting, and fitness information, including information relating to all three phases of your healthy weight loss and quick weight loss journey. So, embark on your journey and lead the way to your healthy weight loss and quick weight


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At 4:11 AM, Blogger james said...

for your assurance and safety in mind and to be chemical free, steroid free and complies with all international safety standards, always check their product ingredients and labels before you purchase.
replacement therapy and to help overcome depression. Maca helps to overcome fatigue, raise sexual energy levels, reduce stress and increase sexual stimulation.


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At 3:56 AM, Blogger james said...

I grew up when there was no internet, no computers, or video games, no MySpace, Facebook or YouTube, or any 24 hour movie and TV downloads to keep me constantly anchored at home in a chair. Most of my spare time was spent outside riding my bike, swimming, roller skating, and playing with my friends. I was always very active, and yet I was always overweight.

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At 5:22 AM, Blogger james said...

glandular tissue is significantly more firm than fat and consequently the skin becomes unable to retract completely and produces severely ptotic or sagging breasts. This is called breast involution. There are many treatment options for women following weight loss. If a woman desires less sagging and wants to be larger, a breast lift or mastopexy is needed. Again,


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At 5:12 AM, Blogger james said...

Most people are unaware of the differences exist in the size of their feet or the differences are small enough for a single shoe size to accommodate both feet. However, some people have feet so different in size that they must buy pairs of different sized shoes, leaving one shoe of each pair unused. Odd Shoe Finder offers those who must wear mismatched shoes a place to buy and sell unused shoes.

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At 4:02 AM, Blogger james said...

Each person has different experiences with male sex enhancers. Be sure to read about anything before you take it, so that you can understand it's duration, best usage, proper dosage and any potential side effects. Most products are free from such problems, but if you are on heart medications or other possible treatments, be sure to double check that you can safely use natural male enhancers for sexual activity.


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At 5:49 AM, Blogger james said...

What is Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium Sagittatum)? Horny Goat Weedis a hardy perennial reported to have aphrodisiac qualities. This affect was allegedly discovered by a Chinese goat herder who noticed sexual activity in his flock after they ate the weed. Used to restore sexual
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At 6:00 AM, Blogger james said...

someone who isn't trained in that sport. Solution: Once again, don't allow your body to adapt to a single exercise. Mix it up, if you're always doing weights then go for a run, switch from the treadmill to a rowing machine etc.
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At 3:27 AM, Blogger james said...

Drinking water is a standout among the fastest Weight loss tips that dieticians propose to individuals and prompts 100+ calories additional blazed a day.\
A definitive tip to inevitable achievement: standard exercise and an adjusted eating regimen. Add one cheat day to your eating routine to free yourself of yearnings.
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